Critique: Exploring "Explore Evolution" |
Developmental ControlsExplore Evolution insists, contrary to the consensus of developmental biologists, that we don't really know what controls development or whether that mystery force could mutate:
Explore Evolution is not clear whom they are referring to in this passage. If this is truly "the next great area of research," an "inquiry-based" textbook would do well to lead students through the leading hypotheses and the evidence researchers in the field are considering, so that students could engage in their own inquiry. Unfortunately, the citations offered earlier in this chapter are uninformative. Franklin Harold, cited earlier and quoted in this critique observing that "[s]patial organization … emerges from the interplay of genetically specified molecules," takes this position: I do not mean to imply that eukaryotic cells are the product of intelligent purposeful design, the supposition is that the adaptive evolution of a cytoskeleton and intracellular membranes made possible the proliferation of larger cells displaying varied and elaborate morphologies. Another possibility is the creationist pseudoscience of Jonathan Wells:
Setting aside the absurd implication that evolutionary biologists think that development does not involve the "entire egg," could genes affect how the egg is produced? Indeed they can and do. Fruit fly geneticists have searched for "maternal effect mutations" in such genes and have identified genes necessary for the proper construction of the oocyte, the future egg. One such gene encodes Protein Kinase A (PKA) that has a direct effect upon the organization of microtubules through mediating a external signal from nearby follicle cells. Microtubule polarity has been implicated as the basis for polarized localization of morphogenetic determinants that specify the anteroposterior axis in Drosophila oocytes. We describe mutation affecting Protein Kinase A (PKA) that act in the germ line to disrupt both microtubule distribution and RNA localization along this axis. Unfortunately for creationists, the organization of microtubules in the oocyte is under genetic control and will be sensitive to mutation. In this case, a mutation affecting PKA function in the egg can result in an embryo which has heads at both ends, or in more subtle variations. In a similar fashion, if the "certain features of the cell membrane" are due to actions of proteins, either in the cell membrane or involved in generating the cell membrane of eggs, they will also sensitive to genetic control and mutation, since, as Harold observes, those structures are genetically specified. |